1. Beginning, Structure, and Molecular Design
1.1 Natural Resource and Biochemical Account
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Pet protein-based frothing agents are obtained mainly from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from abattoir spin-offs such as unguis, horns, bones, and hides.
Via regulated alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis, these architectural healthy proteins are damaged down into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which have both hydrophilic (– NH â‚‚,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) practical teams.
This double fondness allows the molecules to adsorb effectively at air– water user interfaces during mechanical oygenation, minimizing surface area tension and maintaining bubble development– an important demand for creating consistent cellular concrete.
Unlike artificial surfactants, pet protein foaming agents are eco-friendly, non-toxic, and show excellent compatibility with Portland cement systems as a result of their ionic nature and modest pH buffering ability.
The molecular weight circulation of the hydrolysate– normally between 500 and 10,000 Da– straight influences foam stability, drainage rate, and bubble dimension, making procedure control during hydrolysis important for constant performance.
1.2 Foam Generation Mechanism and Microstructure Control
When diluted with water (normally at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and presented into a foam generator, the protein solution creates a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear conditions.
This movie stands up to coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven development of larger bubbles at the expenditure of smaller sized ones– by creating a mechanically durable interfacial layer reinforced via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic communications.
The resulting foam exhibits high growth ratios (typically 15– 25:1) and low drain rates (
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