1. Material Composition and Interfacial Engineering
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding Device
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments including a high-strength steel core enveloped by a conductive copper layer, forming a metallurgically bonded core-shell style.
The steel core, typically low-carbon or stainless-steel, gives mechanical robustness with tensile toughness surpassing 2000 MPa, while the copper finishing– usually 2– 10% of the complete size– imparts exceptional electric and thermal conductivity.
The interface between steel and copper is vital for performance; it is crafted via electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to make sure strong bond and marginal interdiffusion under operational tensions.
Electroplating is the most usual approach, supplying accurate thickness control and uniform coverage on continuous steel filaments attracted through copper sulfate baths.
Proper surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleaning, pickling, and activation, makes certain optimum nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, stopping delamination during succeeding handling or service.
Gradually and at elevated temperature levels, interdiffusion can create weak iron-copper intermetallic stages at the interface, which may compromise adaptability and long-term dependability– an obstacle mitigated by diffusion barriers or fast processing.
1.2 Physical and Useful Residence
CCSFs incorporate the best qualities of both basic steels: the high flexible modulus and fatigue resistance of steel with the premium conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity normally varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), depending on layer thickness and pureness, making CCSF substantially much more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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